Author: workhouse123
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Looking Ahead
In this chapter we survey process simulators (flowsheeting codes) that are used in industrial practice to solve material and energy balances.
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Glossary
adsorbent A solid surface on which gas or liquid molecules condense to form a film. adsorption The physical process that occurs when gas or liquid molecules are brought into contact with a solid surface and condense on the surface. adsorption isotherm The mathematical or experimental relation between the amount a single component adsorbed (the adsorbate) on the adsorbent,…
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Self-Assessment Test
Would condensation of water below its dew point on charcoal be considered adsorption? 2. Would the conversion of solid NaOH by HCl gas to NaCl be considered adsorption? 3. Would the drying of moist air by charcoal be considered adsorption? 4. Can more than one component be removed simultaneously from a gas or liquid by a solid adsorbent?…
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Main Concepts
Many important processes involve the adsorption of gases or liquids on solids. Some examples for liquids are What goes on in adsorption? Adsorption is a physical phenomenon that occurs when gas or liquid molecules are brought into contact with a solid surface, the adsorbent. Some of the molecules may condense (the adsorbate) on the exterior surface and in the cracks…
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Looking Ahead
In this chapter we discuss the adsorption of gases and liquids on solids when the system is at equilibrium. You will learn what some of the relations are that are used to predict the amounts of absorption, and what kinds of data are collected to get the values of the coefficients in the relations.
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Introducing the Effects of Mixing into the Energy Balance
In Section 12.1 we restricted the discussion and examples to the standard state (25°C and 1 atm). In this section we proceed with what happens when the temperatures of the inlet and outlet streams differ from 25°C for a binary mixture in an open, steady-state process. (For a closed system the initial and final states of…
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Heats of Solution, Dissolution, and Mixing
Up to this chapter we have assumed that when a stream consists of several components, the total properties of the stream are the appropriately weighted sum of the properties of the individual components. For such ideal solutions, we could write down for the heat capacity of an ideal mixture, for example,Cpmixture=xACpA+xBCpB+xCCpC+… or, for the enthalpy,ΔH^mixture =xAΔH^A+xBΔH^B+xCΔH^C+⋯ In particular,…
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Multicomponent Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium
So-called white oil is pressurized and cooled gas well vapors. In Texas awhile back, independent producers operated refrigeration units (to as low as −20°F) at their wells, exploiting a 1977 letter from the legal counsel of the Texas Railroad Commission (the agency that governed oil and gas production) that said “white oil” could be deemed…
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Two-Component Gas/Two-Component Liquid Systems
In Section 7.3, we discussed vapor-liquid equilibria of a pure component. In Section 7.4, we covered equilibria of a pure component in the presence of a noncondensable gas. In this section, we consider certain aspects of a more general set of circumstances, namely, cases in which both the liquid and vapor have two components; that is, the…
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Two-Component Gas/Single-Component Liquid Systems
From a single-component two-phase system, let’s extend the discussion to a more complicated system, namely, a system with two components in the gas phase together with a single-component liquid system. An example of such a system is water and a noncondensable gas, such as air. The equilibrium relationships for the water and air help explain…