Author: workhouse123
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Gain and Bandwidth
It is important to note that, since the product of gain and bandwidth is a constant for any particular operational amplifier. Hence, an increase in gain can only be achieved at the expense of bandwidth, and vice versa. Figure 11.5 shows the relationship between voltage gain and bandwidth for a typical operational amplifier (note that the…
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Operational Amplifier Applications
shows abbreviated data for some common types of integrated circuit operational amplifier together with some typical applications. Table 11.2 Some common examples of integrated circuit operation Example 11.5 Which of the operational amplifiers in the table would be most suitable for each of the following applications? (a) amplifying the low-level output from a piezoelectric vibration sensor,…
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Operational Amplifier Characteristics
Having now defined the parameters that we use to describe operational amplifiers, we shall now consider the desirable characteristics for an “ideal” operational amplifier. These are: (a) The open-loop voltage gain should be very high (ideally infinite). (b) The input resistance should be very high (ideally infinite). (c) The output resistance should be very low (ideally zero). (d) Full-power…
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Operational Amplifier Parameters
Before we take a look at some of the characteristics of “ideal” and “real” operational amplifiers it is important to define some of the terms and parameters that we apply to these devices. 11.3.1 Open-Loop Voltage Gain The open-loop voltage gain of an operational amplifier is defined as the ratio of output voltage to input…
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Symbols and Connections
The symbol for an operational amplifier is shown in Figure 11.2. There are a few things to note about this. The device has two inputs and one output and no common connection. Furthermore, we often don’t show the supply connections—it is often clearer to leave them out of the circuit altogether! Figure 11.2 Symbol for an operational…
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Operational Amplifiers Defined
Operational amplifiers (Figure 11.1) are analog integrated circuits designed for linear amplification that offer near-ideal characteristics (virtually infinite voltage gain and input resistance coupled with low output resistance and wide bandwidth). Figure 11.1 A typical operational amplifier. This device is supplied in an 8-pin dual-in-line (DIL) package. It has a JFET input stage and produces a…
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The Commutative Rules
The commutative rules state that the order in which variables are specified will not affect the result of an AND or OR operation (Figure 10.35). Figure 10.35 The commutative rules 10.23 The Associative Rules The associative rules state that the order in which pairs of variables are associated together will not affect the result of multiple…
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The Complementary Rules
The rules derived from the combination of a single variable with the inverse of itself are known as the complementary rules (Figure 10.33). Figure 10.33 The complementary rules 10.21 The Involution Rules The involution rule states that an even number of inversions cancel each other out; for example, two NOT functions connected in series generate an identical result…
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Combining a Single Variable With Logic 0 or Logic 1
A set of simple but highly useful rules can be derived from the combination of a single variable with a logic 0 or logic 1 (Figure 10.31). Figure 10.31 Combining a single variable with a logic 0 or logic 1 10.19 The Idempotent Rules The rules derived from the combination of a single variable with itself…
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Boolean Algebra
One of the most significant mathematical tools available to electronics designers was actually invented for quite a different purpose. Around the 1850s, a British mathematician, George Boole (1815–1864), developed a new form of mathematics that is now known as Boolean algebra. Boole’s intention was to use mathematical techniques to represent and rigorously test logical and philosophical…