Author: workhouse123

Inductive Effect It is an electron delocalisation effect via σ bonds that arises due to the difference in electronegativities. For example, in a σ bonded organic compound like C-C-C-Cl, the carbon attached to the chlorine atom can be referred to as the α-carbon, and the one adjacent to that carbon as the ß-carbon and so on. Now,…

1. What is the meaning of bond cleavage? Answer: The breaking of a chemical bond is called bond cleavage. There are two types of bond cleavage depending on the sharing of electrons between the two atoms of the bond. 1. Homolytic cleavage: The two electrons in the bond are equally shared between the two atoms.…

The structure and reactivity of many compounds in organic chemistry are greatly dictated by the presence of bulky groups or constituents in the molecule. This is called steric hindrance. It arises because of inter-electronic repulsions due to spatial crowding amongst bulky groups. Using steric factors, we can conclude that trans-2-butene is more stable than cis-2-butene. Steric Hindrance in…

Organic reactions are reactions that occur between organic compounds. The reactions in organic chemistry are broadly classified into six categories. Let us study in detail these different types of reactions and their products. Substitution Reactions R-X + Y → R-Y +X Where R-X is the substrate, Y is the reagent (which can be electrophilic or…

What Are Carbanions? They are generated by heterolytically cleaving a group attached to carbon without removing the bonded electrons. This makes the carbon have a pair of electrons, thereby imparting a negative charge on the carbon. CH3– is isoelectronic with NH3, and it is sp3 hybridized, and the shape is pyramidal owing to the presence of a lone pair of electrons. Formation…

Carbenes (H2C) are neutral and reactive species that have six electrons in the outer shell of carbon, making them electron deficient. Since carbenes are species having two odd electrons, we can classify carbenes based on their spin states. Singlet Carbene The electrons are present in different orbitals with opposite spins. The electrons are paired in sp2 hybridized orbitals and behave as…