Author: workhouse123
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Key Equations and Concepts
Ideal Gas Law: Internal Energy (U): Enthalpy (H): Entropy (S): Gibbs Free Energy (G):
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Applications of Thermodynamics
Heat Engines: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning: Chemical Reactions: Phase Changes:
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Thermodynamic Cycles:
Carnot Cycle: Idealized cycle consisting of two isothermal and two adiabatic processes.Otto Cycle: Used in gasoline engines, consisting of isentropic and isochoric processes.Rankine Cycle: Used in steam power plants, consisting of isentropic and isobaric processes.
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Thermodynamic Properties
Internal Energy (U): The total energy contained within the system, including kinetic and potential energies of molecules.Enthalpy (H): H=U+PVH = U + PVH=U+PV Entropy (S): Measures the amount of energy in a system that is not available to do work.Gibbs Free Energy (G): G=H−TSG = H – TSG=H−TS
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Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Statement: If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.Implication: This law forms the basis for temperature measurement.
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Introduction to Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, energy, and work, and how they interact within physical systems. It seeks to understand how energy is transferred and transformed in various processes. Key Concepts:
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SAND CASTING
A model of mould used in sand casting is shown in Figure 20.2. Moulding material that is packed around the pattern to provide the mould cavity is green sand. The various parts of mould can be defined as follows: Figure 20.2 A Model of Mould Used in Sand Casting Flask: It is a rigid box which opens at top…
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CLASSIFICATION OF CASTING PROCESS
Casting process can be classified on the basis of expandable mould and multiple-use mould as shown in Figure 20.1. Expandable mould is destroyed after solidification of the casting. But, multiple-use mould can be used to make many castings. Expandable mould is used for very complicated casting design. In this process, production rate is lower than the multiple-use…