Author: workhouse123

Heat and work are energy transfer mechanisms between a system and its surroundings. Some of the similarities between heat and work are as follows: 1.4.5  Non-flow Processes The various non-flow processes and their characteristics are shown in Figure 1.3. Figure 1.3 Non-flow Processes Constant Volume Process In this process, volume remains constant, i.e., ΔV = 0. This is also…

Energy transfer across the boundary of a closed system may occur in the form of heat and work. When a closed system is left in a medium of different temperature, energy transfer takes place between the system and the surrounding until thermal equilibrium is reached. The direction of energy transfer is always from the higher…

Internal energy can be defined as the sum of all the microscopic forms of energy of a system. It is related to the molecular structure and the degree of activities at molecular level and can be viewed as the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the molecules. Let us consider a system for…

Energy exists in various forms such as thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential, electric, magnetic, chemical, nuclear, etc. In thermodynamics, it is considered that the various forms of energy make up total energy of a system. This total energy can be represented into two groups—macroscopic and microscopic. The macroscopic forms of energy are those a system possesses…

The first law of thermodynamics is equivalent to law of conservation of energy. It deals with the transformation of heat energy into work and vice versa. For closed systems, energy can be transferred by work and heat transfer. In thermodynamics, the term work denotes a means for transferring energy. Work done by a system is considered positive: W >…

The mechanical equivalent of heat is a concept that has an important part in the development and acceptance of the conservation of energy and the establishment of the science of thermodynamics in the 19th century. The concept stated that motion and heat are mutually interchangeable and that in every case, a given amount of work would generate…

 Specific Heat at Constant Volume (Cv) The rate of change of internal energy with respect to absolute temperature at constant volume is known as specific heat at constant volume (Cv). Enthalpy is sum of internal energy and product of pressure and volume, i.e., h = u + PV. But   Q = ∂u + PdV = ∂u + ∂(PV) = ∂(u + PV) =…

Thermodynamics: It is the field of thermal engineering that studies the properties of systems that have a temperature and involve the laws that govern the conversion of energy from one form to another, the direction in which heat will flow, and the availability of energy to do work. Mass and Force: Mass is one of the fundamental…

There are different forms of energy; all the energy cannot be used as a work. The convertibility of energy into work depends on its availability, i.e., how much energy can be converted into useful work. Thermodynamics is a branch of science and engineering that deals with interaction of energy mainly in the forms of heat…