Author: workhouse123
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MAST CELL STABILIZERS
e.g cromolyn sodiumMechanism of actionStabilize the mast cells so that release of histamine and other mediators is inhibitedthrough alteration in the function of delayed chloride channel in cell membrane. It has no roleonce mediator is released and is used for casual prophylaxis.Clinical uses
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PHARMACOTHERAPY OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Drug used in the treatment of bronchia asthma can be grouped into three main categories:
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Bronchial asthma
Asthma is physiologically characterized by increased responsiveness of the trachea and bronchito various stimuli and by wide spread narrowing of the airways that changes in severity eitherspontaneously or as a result of therapyImpairment of airflow in bronchial asthma is caused by three bronchial abnormalities.i. Contraction of airway smooth musclesii. Thickening of bronchial mucosa from edema…
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INTRODUCTION
The respiratory system includes the upper airway passages, the nasal cavities, pharynx andtrachea as well as the bronchi and bronchioles. Respiration is the exchange of gases betweenthe tissue of the body and to outside environment. It involves breathing in of an air through therespiratory tract, uptake of oxygen from the lungs, transport of oxygen through…
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Prostaglandins:
They were named so because of their presumed origin from the prostate gland. Human seminalfluid is the richest known source, but they are also present in various tissues. Theprostaglandins are synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acids at their sites of action. PG E2and PG F2 are the two main prostaglandins. They are released in the body…
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Hydroxytreptamine (Serotonin)
It is widely distributed in plants and animals. Highest concentration in mammals is found in thepineal gland, acting as a precursor for melatonin. It is synthesized from the amino acidtryptophan and acts on several types of receptors.Pharmacolocial Actions:5-HT causes constriction of renal, splanchnic, meningeal, and pulmonary arteries and veins andvenules, but dilatation of the blood…
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Histamine
It is a potent tissue amine widely distributed in plant and animal tissues and in the venoms ofbees. In man, it is formed by decarboxylation of histidine and major portion is stored in mastcells and basophils.Mechanisms of Action: It acts on 2 major types of receptorsa. Stimulation of H1 receptors results in smooth muscle contraction,…
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INTRODUCTION
“Autacoids” (Greek “self-remedy”) is a collective term for various endogenous peptides,prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and cytokines. These are sometimes also called local hormones.They play important roles in physiologic processes and also have several pharmacologicalsignificances.
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Drugs used in hypotensive states and shock
Antihypotensive drugs or agents are used to elevate a low blood pressure and may be classifiedas follows:I. Agents intended to increase the volume of blood in active circulation. These includeintravenous fluids such as whole blood, plasma, plasma components, plasma substitutesand solution of crystalloidsII. Vasoconstrictor drugs these include:
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Diuretics
Diuretics are drugs, which increase renal excretion of salt and water: are principally used toremove excessive extracellular fluid from the body.In order to understand the action of diuretics it is important to have some knowledge of the basicprocesses that take place in the nephron (unit structure of kidney.Approximately 180 liters of fluid is filtered from…