Author: workhouse123
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Anti – arrhythmics
Electrophysiology of cardiac muscle: the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for thegenesis of cardiac arrhythmias are not clearly understood. However, it is generally acceptedthat cardiac arrhythmias arise as the result of either ofa) Disorders of impulse formation and/ orb) Disorders of impulse conduction.Pharmacotherapy of cardiac arrhythmiasAntiarrhythmic drugs are used to prevent or correct cardiac arrhythmias (tachyarrhythmias).Drugs used…
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Pharmacotherapy of angina pectoris
Angina pectoris develops as a result of an imbalance between the oxygen supply and theoxygen demand of the myocardium. It is a symptom of myocardial ischemia. When the increasein coronary blood flow is unable to match the increased oxygen demand, angina develops. Ithas become apparent that spasm of the coronary arteries is important in the…
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Drug used in heart failure
Congestive heart failure occurs when there is an inability of the heart to maintain a cardiac output sufficient to meet the requirements of the metabolising tissues.Heart failure is usually caused by one of the following: Ischaemic heart disease, Hypertension, Heart muscle disorders, and Valvular heart disease.Drugs used to treat heart failure can be broadly divided…
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Antihypertensive drugs
a. General consideration:-Hypertension is defined as an elevation of arterial blood pressure above an arbitrarily definednormal value. The American Heart Association defines hypertension as arterial blood pressurehigher than 140/90mmHg (based on three measurements at different times).Hypertension may be classified in to three categories, according to the level of diastolic bloodpressure:
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INTRODUCTION
In the past decades, cardiovascular diseases were considered as major health problems mainlyfor western countries. However, the problem of cardiovascular disorders is also increasing indeveloping countries including Ethiopia. The most commonly encountered cardiovasculardisorders include hypertension, congestive heart failure, angina pectoris and cardiacarrhythmias. Most drugs available currently are able to reduce the morbidity and mortality due…
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ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
Adrenergic receptor blockers may be considered in two groups: Drugs blocking mainly the β1 effects (those on the heart) with less effect on the bronchiand blood vessels (beta1-selective blockers), e.g. atenolol, practalol acebutalol, etc.PROPRANOLOLPropranolol is a non- selective β adrenergic blocker; it has also other actions like membranestabilization.PharmacokineticsPropranolol is almost completely absorbed following oral administration.…
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ADRENERGIC DRUGS
As their name suggests, these drugs resemble sympathetic nerve stimulation in their effects;they may be divided into two groups on the basics of their chemical structure. Organ-system Effects of Activation of the Adrenergic System ADRENALINEThis is the prototype of adrenergic drugs and is produced in the body by the cells of the Adrenalmedulla and by…
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ANTICHOLINERGICS
Anticholinergics block the effects of acetylcholine and other cholinergic drugs at cholinergicreceptors of effector cells. Anticholinergics fall into two major families: Atropine antagonizes the effect of acetylcholine by competing for the muscarinic receptorsperipherally and in the CNS; therefore the effects of atropine are opposite to the acetylcholineeffects.Organ-system Effects:CNS: – lower doses produce sedation This drug…
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CHOLINERGIC DRUGS
Cholinergic drugs are also called parasympathomimetics because their effect mimics the effectof parasympathetic nerve stimulation. Administration of these drugs will result in an increase inthe parasympathetic activities in the systems innervated by cholinergic nerves.There are two groups of cholinergic drugs: ESTERS OF CHOLINEACETYLCHOLINE is the prototypical cholinergic agent. It functions as a neurotransmitter at allcholinergic…
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AUTONOMIC DRUGS
There are several drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system which, for a betterunderstanding of specific drugs, are classified into groups.