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Previously we have looked at single low- or high-pass filters, but a common application of filters is where a band of frequencies has to be passed while all other frequencies are stopped. This is called a bandpass filter. Such a filter may be formed from a low- and a high-pass filter in cascade. Generally the low…

The simplest of all the logic functions are known as BUF and NOT (Figure 10.13). Figure 10.13 BUF and NOT functions The F and T values in the truth tables are shorthand for FALSE and TRUE, respectively. The output of the BUF function has the same value as the input to the function; if the input is FALSE the output…

An alternating voltage can be generated either by rotating a coil in a uniform magnetic field at constant speed as shown in Figure 6.3 or by rotating a uniform magnetic field within a stationary coil at a constant speed as shown in Figure 6.4. Fig. 6.3  Production of ac voltage (rotating coil, field stationary) Fig. 6.4  Production…

 The choice of fuel depends on the purpose of the combustion process and several other factors  Classification of  Fuels by Phase at Ambient Conditions Distribution methods and combustion processes vary based on a fuel’s state of matter, making the phase of  fuel at standard conditions a logical basis for classification    a) Solid  Fuel    b) Liquid Fuel c) Gaseous…

The Proell governor has the balls at B and C to the extension of the links DF and EG, as shown in Figure 14.6(a). The arm PF and GQ are pivoted at P and Q, respectively. Consider the free body diagram of half of the governor as shown in Figure 14.6(b). The instantaneous centre (I) lies on intersection of…

There are several bases for classification of IC engines, some of the important bases can be explained as Number of strokes per cycle.Nature of thermodynamic cycle.Ignition systems.Fuel used.Arrangement of cylinders.Cooling systems.Fuel supply systems.

  Principle of Combustion Combustion refers to the rapid oxidation of fuel accompanied by the production of heat or heat and light. Complete combustion of a fuel is possible only in the presence of an adequate supply of oxygen. Oxygen (O2) is one of the most common elements on earth making up 20.9% of our air.…

Biogas is methane produced by the process of anaerobic digestion of organic material by anaerobes. It can be produced either from biodegradable waste materials or by the use of energy crops fed into anaerobic digesters to supplement gas yields. The solid by-product, digestate, can be used as a biofuel or a fertilizer.