The formal concepts of thermodynamics are subtle and require much thought before they are comprehended fully or adequately [2]. The development of these concepts is based on a strong foundation in chemistry, physics, and mathematics, built over several semesters of study. Such development is not attempted here; rather, some essential thermodynamic quantities are introduced in terms of their significances and dependences on measurable properties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A\u00a0system<\/em>\u00a0is any part of the universe under consideration or that is the focus of thermodynamic analysis. For example, the dashed line shown in\u00a0Figure 6.10\u00a0represents the boundary of a system. The system itself is composed of all the units enclosed within the boundary. The part of the universe that is excluded from the system or is outside the system boundary is termed as the\u00a0surroundings<\/em>\u00a0[5]. A system may or may not exchange mass and energy with the surroundings; an\u00a0open<\/em>\u00a0system is one where both mass and energy are exchanged with the surroundings, whereas a\u00a0closed<\/em>\u00a0system, by definition, does not exchange any mass but is able to exchange energy with the surroundings. A system that exchanges neither mass nor energy with the surroundings is termed an\u00a0isolated<\/em>\u00a0system [5].<\/p>\n\n\n\n It is clear that each system will exhibit certain characteristics that distinguish it from other systems and surroundings. For example, a system will have certain temperature, pressure, volume, as well as constituents present in certain proportions. The characteristics or\u00a0properties<\/em>\u00a0allow us to quantify the system. Certain properties of the system, such as the temperature or pressure, do not depend on the size of the system and are termed\u00a0intensive<\/em>\u00a0properties, as stated in the previous chapter. On the other hand, properties such as mass or volume are dependent on the size of the system and are called\u00a0extensive<\/em>\u00a0properties [4]. Extensive properties are additive in nature; the magnitude of an extensive property is the sum of the magnitudes of that property for various parts of the system [5].<\/p>\n\n\n\n A\u00a0state<\/em>\u00a0of a system refers simply to the conditions present in the system, such that the properties are invariant with respect to time [4]. For a pure component present in a single phase, the state of the system can be specified simply by stating its pressure and temperature. This fixes all of its intensive properties, whereas the extensive properties require specification of the quantity present. In other words, specifying the pressure and temperature of that pure substance automatically fixes the\u00a0specific volume<\/em>\u00a0(volume per mole) of the substance. The total volume of the system can be determined if the total number of moles is specified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The relationship among the pressure, volume, and temperature describes the\u00a0volumetric behavior<\/em>\u00a0for a substance. This behavior, or the\u00a0volumetric<\/em>\u00a0properties of the substance, is used in thermodynamics to determine its\u00a0thermodynamic<\/em>\u00a0properties [6]. The following sections describe some of these thermodynamic properties.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" The formal concepts of thermodynamics are subtle and require much thought before they are comprehended fully or adequately [2]. The development of these concepts is based on a strong foundation in chemistry, physics, and mathematics, built over several semesters of study. Such development is not attempted here; rather, some essential thermodynamic quantities are introduced in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4602,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[564],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4675","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-computations-in-chemical-engineering-thermodynamics"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/thermodynamics.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4675","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4675"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4675\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4676,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4675\/revisions\/4676"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4602"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4675"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4675"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4675"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}