{"id":6550,"date":"2024-11-16T12:59:26","date_gmt":"2024-11-16T12:59:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/?p=6550"},"modified":"2024-11-16T12:59:27","modified_gmt":"2024-11-16T12:59:27","slug":"anticholinergics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/16\/anticholinergics\/","title":{"rendered":"ANTICHOLINERGICS"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Anticholinergics block the effects of acetylcholine and other cholinergic drugs at cholinergic<br>receptors of effector cells. Anticholinergics fall into two major families:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Antinicotinics which include ganglion blockers such as hexamethonium, trimethaphan, etc.,<br>and neuromuscular blockers such as gallamine, tubocurarine, pancuronium, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Antimuscarinics include tertiary amines such as atropine, scopolamine, tropicamide, etc,<br>andquaternary amines such as propantheline, ipratropium, benztropine, etc.<br><strong>ATROPINE<br><\/strong>Atropine is found in the plant Atropa belladonna and it is the prototype of muscarinic<br>antagonists.<br><strong>Pharmacokinetics<\/strong><br>Atropine is absorbed completely from all sites of administration except from the skin wall, where<br>absorption is for limited extent; it has good distribution. About 60% of the drug is excreted<br>unchanged in urine.<br><strong>Pharmacodynamics<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Atropine antagonizes the effect of acetylcholine by competing for the muscarinic receptors<br>peripherally and in the CNS; therefore the effects of atropine are opposite to the acetylcholine<br>effects.<br><strong>Organ-system Effects:<\/strong><br>CNS: &#8211; lower doses produce sedation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>higher doses produce excitation, agitation and hallucination<br>Eyes: &#8211; relaxation of constrictor pupillae (mydriasis)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>relaxation or weakening of ciliary muscle (cycloplegia-loss of the ability<br>to accommodate)<br>CVS: &#8211; blocks vagal parasympathetic stimulation (tachycardia)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>vasoconstriction<br>Respiratory: &#8211; bronchodilatation and reduction of secretion<br>GIT: &#8211; decreased motility and secretions<br>GUS: &#8211; Relaxes smooth muscle of ureter and bladder wall; voiding is slowed.<br>Sweat Glands: &#8211; suppresses sweating<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Clinical Indications<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pre anesthetic medication -to reduce the amount of secretion and to prevent excessive vagal<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>tone due to anesthesia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As antispasmodic in cases of intestinal, biliary, and renal colic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heart block<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hyperhidrosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Organophosphate poisonings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Side effects<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dryness of the mouth, tachycardia and blurred vision<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Retention of urine<br><strong>Contraindications<\/strong><br>Glaucoma<br>Bladder outlet obstruction.<br><strong>HYOSCINE (SCOPOLAMINE)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This drug has the same effect as atropine except for some differences which includes:-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It has shorter duration of action<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is more depressant to the CNS.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>All other properties are similar to atropine. It has certain advantage over atropine. These<br>include:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Better for preanesthetic medication because of strong antisecretory and antiemetic action<br>and also brings about amnesia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can be used for short- travel motion sickness<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>SYNTHETIC ATROPINE DERIVATIVES<\/strong><br>There are a number of synthetic atropine derivatives, which are used in the treatment of various<br>conditions, their actions are similar to that of atropine but have fewer side effects. These groups<br>of drugs include<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mydriatic atropine substitutes, this group of drugs have shorter duration of action thanatropine and are used locally in the eye; drugs included: Homatropine, Eucatropine etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Antiseccretory antispasmodic atropine substitutes:<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Effective more localized to the Gl. Drugs include: propantheline and hyoscine<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Antiparkinsonian atropine substitute: &#8211; drugs like Benztropine, Trihexyphenidyl<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Atropine substitutes which decrease urinary bladder activity like oxybutynin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Atropine substitutes used in bronchial asthma drugs like ipratropium<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Anticholinergics block the effects of acetylcholine and other cholinergic drugs at cholinergicreceptors of effector cells. Anticholinergics fall into two major families: Atropine antagonizes the effect of acetylcholine by competing for the muscarinic receptorsperipherally and in the CNS; therefore the effects of atropine are opposite to the acetylcholineeffects.Organ-system Effects:CNS: &#8211; lower doses produce sedation This drug [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6502,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[690],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6550","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-drugs-acting-on-autonomic-nervous-system"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/drugs.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6550","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6550"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6550\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6551,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6550\/revisions\/6551"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6502"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6550"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6550"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6550"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}