{"id":6554,"date":"2024-11-16T13:17:35","date_gmt":"2024-11-16T13:17:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/?p=6554"},"modified":"2024-11-16T13:17:36","modified_gmt":"2024-11-16T13:17:36","slug":"adrenergic-blockers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/16\/adrenergic-blockers\/","title":{"rendered":"ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Adrenergic receptor blockers may be considered in two grou<\/strong>ps:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Drugs blocking the \u0105 adrenergic receptor<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Drugs blocking the\u03b2 Adrenergic receptor
    These drugs prevent the response of effectors organs to adrenaline, noradrenaline and other
    sympathomimetic amines whether released in the body or injected. Circulating catecholamines
    are antagonized more readily than are the effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation. The drugs
    act by competing with the catechoamines for \u03b1 or \u03b2 receptors on the effectors organs. They
    don\u2019t alter the production or release of the substances.
    \u03b1- Adrenergic blockers<\/strong>
    Alpha adrenergic receptor antagonists may be reversible or irreversible. Reversible antagonists
    dissociate from the receptors e.g. phentolamine, tolazoline, prazosin,yohimbine, etc. Irreversible
    antagonists tightly bind to the receptor so that their effects may persist long after the drug has
    been cleared from the plasma e.g. phenoxybenzamine
    Pharmacologic Effects:<\/strong>
    Alpha receptor antagonist drugs lower peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure.
    Hence, postural hypotension and reflex tachycardia are common during the use of these drugs.
    Other minor effects include miosis, nasal stuffiness, etc.
    Prazosin<\/strong>
    This is an effective drug for the management of hypertension. It has high affinity for alpha1
    receptor and relatively low affinity for the alpha2 receptor. Prazosin leads to relaxation of both
    arterial and venous smooth muscles due to the blockage of alpha1 receptors. Thus, it lowers
    blood pressure, reduces venous return and cardiac output. It also reduces the tone of internal
    sphincter of urinary bladder.
    Indications:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    • Essential hypertension<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Raynaud\u2019s syndrome
      Benign prostatic hyperplasia
      \u03b2 – ADRENERGIC BLOCKING DRUGS<\/strong>
      The \u03b2 – adrenergic receptor blocking drugs in use may be classified by their selectivity for
      receptors in different tissues.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      • Drugs blocking all the \u03b2 receptor effects of adrenaline (non-selective beta blockers) e.g.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • propanalol, pinadolol, timolol etc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        Drugs blocking mainly the \u03b21 effects (those on the heart) with less effect on the bronchi
        and blood vessels (beta1-selective blockers), e.g. atenolol, practalol acebutalol, etc.
        PROPRANOLOL
        Propranolol is a non- selective \u03b2 adrenergic blocker; it has also other actions like membrane
        stabilization.
        Pharmacokinetics<\/strong>
        Propranolol is almost completely absorbed following oral administration. How ever, the liver,
        leaving only 1\/3 rd of the dose to reach the systemic circulations, metabolizes most of the
        administered dose. It is bound to plasma to the extent of 90-95%. It is excreted in the urine.
        Pharmacodynamics<\/strong>
        The drug has the following main actions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Cardiovascular system<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        • Bradycardia<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Reduces force of contraction<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Reduces blood pressure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
            \n
          1. Respiratory system<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
              \n
            • Bronchoconstriction<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                \n
              1. Metabolic system<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                  \n
                • Hypoglycemia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                    \n
                  1. Central nervous system<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                      \n
                    • Anti-anxiety action<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                        \n
                      1. Eye<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                          \n
                        • Decrease the rate of Aqueous humor production<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                            \n
                          1. Kidneys:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                              \n
                            • Decrease renin secretion

                              Indications<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Cardiac arrhythmias<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Hypertension<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Prophylaxis against angina<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Myocardial infarction<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Thyrotoxicosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Anxiety states (suppression of the physical manifestations of situational anxiety)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Prophylaxis against migraine attacks<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Glaucoma
                              Adverse reactions<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • GI disturbances like nausea, vomiting<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Heart failure<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Heart block<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Hypotension and severe bradycardia<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Bronchospasm<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Allergic reaction<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Vivid dreams night mare and hallucinations<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Cold hands<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Withdrawal symptoms in case of abrupt discontinuation<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Masking of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients
                              Contraindications and Precautions:<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Bronchial asthma<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Diabetes mellitus<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Heart failure<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Peripheral vascular disease<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                              Adrenergic receptor blockers may be considered in two groups: Drugs blocking mainly the \u03b21 effects (those on the heart) with less effect on the bronchiand blood vessels (beta1-selective blockers), e.g. atenolol, practalol acebutalol, etc.PROPRANOLOLPropranolol is a non- selective \u03b2 adrenergic blocker; it has also other actions like membranestabilization.PharmacokineticsPropranolol is almost completely absorbed following oral administration. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6502,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[690],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6554","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-drugs-acting-on-autonomic-nervous-system"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/drugs.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6554","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6554"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6554\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6555,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6554\/revisions\/6555"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6502"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6554"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6554"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6554"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}