{"id":6573,"date":"2024-11-16T18:41:43","date_gmt":"2024-11-16T18:41:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/?p=6573"},"modified":"2024-11-16T18:41:43","modified_gmt":"2024-11-16T18:41:43","slug":"diuretics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/16\/diuretics\/","title":{"rendered":"Diuretics"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Diuretics are drugs, which increase renal excretion of salt and water: are principally used to<br>remove excessive extracellular fluid from the body.<br>In order to understand the action of diuretics it is important to have some knowledge of the basic<br>processes that take place in the nephron (unit structure of kidney.<br>Approximately 180 liters of fluid is filtered from the glomerulus into the nephron per day. The<br>normal urine out put is 1-5 liters per day. The remaining is reabsorbed in different areas of<br>nephron. There are three mechanisms involved in urine formation<br><br>a) glomerular filtration<br>b) tubular reabsorption<br>c) Tubular secretion. These processes normally maintain the fluid volume, electrolyte<br>concentration and PH of the body fluids.<br><strong>Classification of diuretics:-<\/strong><br>Most of the diuretics used therapeutically act by interfering with sodium reabsorption by the<br>tubules. The major groups are:<br>I. Thiazides and related diuretics: e.g. Hydrochlorothiazide chlorthalidone, bendrofluazide,<br>etc.<br>II. Loop diuretics: e.g. furosemide, ethacrynic acid, etc.<br>III. Potassium sparing diuretics e.g. triamterene, amiloride, spironolactone, etc.<br>IV. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors e.g. acetazolamide<br>V. Osmotic diuretics e.g. mannitol, glycerol<br>I. Thiazide diuretics act by inhibiting NaCl symport at the distal convoluted tubule. They are<br>used in hypertension, edema of hepatic, renal and cardiac origin.<br>Adverse effects: epigastric distress, nausea, vomiting, weakness, fatigue, dizziness,<br>impotence, jaundice, skin rash, hypokalemia, hyperuricemia, hyperglycaemia and visual<br>disturbance.<br>II. Loop diuretics: Loop diuretics like frusemde inhibit Na+<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>K \u2013 2Cl symporter in the ascending<br>limb.<br><strong>Adverse effects:<\/strong> Hypokalemia, nausea, anorexia, vomiting epigastric distress, fatigue<br>weakness muscle cramps, drowsiness. Dizziness, hearing impairment and deafness<br>are usually reversible. Therapeutic uses: acute pulmonary edema, edema of cardiac,<br>hepatic and renal disease. Hypertension, cerebral edema, in drug overdose it can be<br>used to produce forced diuresis to facilitate more rapid elimination of drug.<br>III. Potassium sparing diuretics mechanism of action: Potassium sparing diuretics<br>(spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride) are mild diuretics causing diuresis by increasing the<br>excretion of sodium, calcium and bicarbonate but decrease the excretion of potassium.<br><strong>Adverse effects: <\/strong>G.I. disturbances, dry mouth, rashes confusion, orthostatic hypotension,<br>hyperkalaemia. Hyponatraemia<br>66<br><strong>Therapeutic uses: <\/strong>used with conjunction with thiazides or loop diuretics in edema due to,<br>cardiac failure nephrotic syndrome and hepatic disease.<br>IV. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: these drugs like acetazolamide inhibit the enzyme carbonic<br>anhydrase in renal tubular cells and lead to increased excretion of bicarbonate, sodium<br>and potassium ions in urine. In eye it results in decrease information of aqueous humor.<br>Therefore these are used in treatment of acute angle glaucoma. Main adverse effects of<br>these agents are drowsiness, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis and epigastric distress.<br>V. Osmotic diuretics: these drugs like mannitol and glycerine (glycerol) are freely filtered at the<br>glomerulus and are relatively inert pharmacologically and undergo limited reabsorption by<br>renal tubule. These are administered to increase significantly the osmolality of plasma and<br>tubular fluid. Some times they produce nausea, vomiting, electrolyte imbalances. They are<br>used in cerebral edema and management of poisoning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Diuretics are drugs, which increase renal excretion of salt and water: are principally used toremove excessive extracellular fluid from the body.In order to understand the action of diuretics it is important to have some knowledge of the basicprocesses that take place in the nephron (unit structure of kidney.Approximately 180 liters of fluid is filtered from [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6503,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[691],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6573","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cardiovascular-renal-drugs"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/heart.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6573","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6573"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6573\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6574,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6573\/revisions\/6574"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6503"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6573"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6573"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6573"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}