{"id":6619,"date":"2024-11-18T13:36:37","date_gmt":"2024-11-18T13:36:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/?p=6619"},"modified":"2024-11-18T13:36:38","modified_gmt":"2024-11-18T13:36:38","slug":"general-anesthetics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/2024\/11\/18\/general-anesthetics\/","title":{"rendered":"GENERAL ANESTHETICS"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

General anesthesia involves the physiological changes: Reversible loss of response to painful
stimuli, loss of consciousness and loss of motor and autonomic reflexes. Loss of consciousness
is associated with inhibition of the activity of reticular formation.
General anesthetics are administered by inhalation or by intravenous routes. They are classified
into two on the basis of their route of administration as inhalation and intravenous anesthetics.
Inhalation anesthetics<\/strong>
The main agents are: Halothane, nitrous oxide, enflurane and ether.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Halothane<\/strong>: Is the most widely used agent, highly lipid soluble, potent. It causes arrhythmia,
    hangover and the risk of liver damage is high if used repeatedly.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Nitrous oxide:<\/strong> Oderless and colourless gas. It is rapid in action and also an effective
    analgesic agent. Its potency is low, hence must be combined with other agents. It is a relatively
    free of serious unwanted effects.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Enflurane: <\/strong>Halogenated ether (similar to halothane). Poorly metabolized in the liver, thus
    less toxic than halothane. It is faster in its action, less liable to accumulate in the body fat
    compared to halothane. It causes seizure during induction and following recovery from
    anaesthesia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Ether: <\/strong>Has analgesic and muscle relaxant properties. It is highly explosive, causes
    respiratory tract irritation, postoperative nausea and vomiting. It is not widely used currently.
    INTRAVENOUS ANESTHETICS<\/strong>
    Intravenous anesthetics act much more rapidly, producing unconsciousness in about 20
    seconds, as soon as the drug reaches the brain from the site of its injection. These agents used
    for induction of anaesthesia followed by inhalation agent. The main induction agent in current
    use is: thiopentone, etomidate, propofol, ketamine and short acting benzodiazepine
    (midazolam).
    Thiopentone:<\/strong> Thiopentone is a barbiturate with very high lipid solubility. After intravenous
    administration the drug enters to tissues with a large blood flow (liver, kidneys, brain, etc) and
    more slowly to muscle. Uptake into body fat occurs slowly because of the low blood flow to this
    tissue, which may cause prolonged effect if given repeatedly. It causes cardiovascular
    depression.

    Etomidate:<\/strong> It is more quickly metabolized and the risk of cardiovascular depression is less
    compared to thiopentone. Etomidate suppresses the adrenal cortex, which has been associated
    with an increase in mortality in severely ill patients.
    Ketamine:<\/strong> acts more slowly than thiopentone and produces a different effect, known as
    dissociative anaesthesia in which there is a marked sensory loss and analgesia, as well as
    amnesia and paralysis of movement, without actual loss of consciousness. Ketamine causes
    dysphoria, hallucinations during recovery.
    Benzodiazepines<\/strong> including diazepam, lorazepam, and midazolam are used in general
    anesthetic procedures. Compared with intravenous barbiturates, benzodiazepines produce a
    slower onset of central nervous system effects. Benzodiazepines prolong the postanesthetic
    recovery period but also cause a high incidence of amnesia for events occurring after the drug
    is administered.The benzodiazepines are useful in anesthesia as premedication and
    intraoperative sedation.
    Opioid analgesic anesthesia:<\/strong> Opioid analgesics can be used for general anesthesia, in
    patients undergoing cardiac surgery and fentanyl and its derivates are commonly used for these
    purposes.
    Preanesthetic medication:<\/strong> It is the use of drugs prior to the administration of anaesthetic
    agent with the important objective of making anaesthesia safer and more agreable to the
    patient. The drugs commonly used are, opioid analgesics, barbiturates, anticholinergics, anti
    emetics and glucocorticoids.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    General anesthesia involves the physiological changes: Reversible loss of response to painfulstimuli, loss of consciousness and loss of motor and autonomic reflexes. Loss of consciousnessis associated with inhibition of the activity of reticular formation.General anesthetics are administered by inhalation or by intravenous routes. They are classifiedinto two on the basis of their route of administration […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6509,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[682],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6619","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-drugs-acting-in-the-central-nervous-system"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/1671386.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6619","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6619"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6619\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6620,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6619\/revisions\/6620"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6509"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6619"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6619"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6619"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}