{"id":7343,"date":"2024-12-29T12:17:48","date_gmt":"2024-12-29T12:17:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/?p=7343"},"modified":"2024-12-29T12:17:49","modified_gmt":"2024-12-29T12:17:49","slug":"what-are-ketones","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/29\/what-are-ketones\/","title":{"rendered":"What are Ketones?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

Ketones are organic compounds which have the functional group C=O and the structure R-(C=O)-R\u2019.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

These carbonyl compounds have carbon-containing substituents on both sides of the carbon-oxygen double bond. The carbonyl carbon of the ketone group is sp2 <\/sup>hybridized<\/strong><\/em>. The structure of ketones is a trigonal planar centred around the carbonyl carbon. The bond angles of this structure approximate at 1200<\/sup>. Since the carbon-oxygen bond makes the carbonyl group polar (oxygen is more electron-withdrawing than carbon), ketones tend to be nucleophilic at the oxygen atom and electrophilic at the carbon atom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ketones are mass-produced industrially for their use as solvents, pharmaceuticals, and as precursors for polymers. Important ketones include methyl ethyl ketone (also called butanone), cyclohexanone, and acetone.
<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preparation of Ketones<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Acid chlorides on reaction with dialkyl cadmium produce ketones. Dialkyl cadmium themselves are prepared from Grignard reagents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2R-Mg-X + CdCl2<\/sub> \u2192 R2<\/sub>Cd + 2 Mg(X)Cl
2RCOCl + R2<\/sub>Cd \u2192 2R-CO-R + CdCl2<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The method is useful in a way that the mixed ketones can be prepared very conveniently.
<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Properties of Ketones<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • Ketones are polar in nature due to the presence of a polar carbonyl group. Therefore they have higher boiling points than non-polar compounds.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • It cannot form any intermolecular hydrogen bond-like alcohols because there is no hydrogen attached to an oxygen atom.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Ketones have large dipole moments compared to alcohols or ethers due to the shifting of pi electrons.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Ketones react with hydrogen cyanide to form cyanohydrins. The reaction is normally carried out in the presence of a base, which acts as a catalyst in the absence of a base the reaction proceeds slowly.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Most of the ketones form bisulphite addition products when it is added to sodium bisulphite.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Nomenclature of Ketones<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    • Ketones are named after their parent alkanes with the suffix\u00a0\u201c-anone\u201d<\/strong><\/em>. The carbonyl group\u2019s position in the ketone is denoted by a number while naming the ketone. For example, CH3<\/sub>(CO)CH3\u00a0<\/sub>is called 2 propanone. However, this compound is generally referred to as acetone.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Commonly, ketones are named by writing the name of each individual alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon and then\u00a0\u201cketone\u201d<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0as the third word of the name. For example, butanone can be written as methyl ethyl ketone.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
      Formula<\/strong><\/td>Common name<\/strong><\/td>IUPAC name<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
      CH3<\/sub>-C(O)-CH3<\/sub><\/td>Acetone<\/td>Propanone<\/td><\/tr>
      CH3<\/sub>-C(O)-CH2<\/sub>-CH3<\/sub><\/td>Ethylmethylketone<\/td>Butanone<\/td><\/tr>
      CH3<\/sub>-CH2<\/sub>-C(O)-CH2<\/sub>-CH3<\/sub><\/td>Diethyl ketone<\/td>Pentan-3-one<\/td><\/tr>
      CH3<\/sub>-CH(CH3<\/sub>)-C(O)-CH3<\/sub><\/td>Isopropyl methyl ketone<\/td>3-Methylbutan-2-one<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Uses of Ketones<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      • Propanone is used to make polymers for example perspex.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • ketones are used as solvents and as a starting material for the synthesis of many organic compounds.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Acetone and ethyl methyl ketone is mainly used as industrial solvents.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Ketones are organic compounds which have the functional group C=O and the structure R-(C=O)-R\u2019. These carbonyl compounds have carbon-containing substituents on both sides of the carbon-oxygen double bond. The carbonyl carbon of the ketone group is sp2 hybridized. The structure of ketones is a trigonal planar centred around the carbonyl carbon. The bond angles of this structure […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7336,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[760],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7343","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aldehydes-ketones-and-carboxylic-acids"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/skeleton.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7343","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7343"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7343\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7344,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7343\/revisions\/7344"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7336"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7343"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7343"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/workhouse.sweetdishy.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7343"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}