The topics which are considered as the core to the foundation of the subject are stated below:
- Atomic theory and the evolution of the atomic model in general
- Black-body radiation
- Franck–Hertz experiment
- Geiger–Marsden experiment (Rutherford’s experiment)
- Gravitational lensing
- Michelson–Morley experiment
- Photoelectric effect
- Quantum thermodynamics
- Radioactive phenomena in general
- Perihelion precession of Mercury
- Stern–Gerlach experiment
- Wave-particle duality
- Solid

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